Subsequently, translation initiation is blocked. The α subunit of eIF2 is phosphorylated, preventing its separation from eIF2B. (Left) Via different external stimuli, such as amino acids, ER stress (ERS), oxidative double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and changes in heme heavy metal levels, four kinases, GCN2, PERK, PKR and HRI, can be activated. The formation of SGs is dependent or independent of eIF2α phosphorylation. Eight factors induce SGs formation: (1) endogenous stressors, such as low-level nutrients, hypoxia, and osmotic shock (2) environmental stressors, such as heat shock, UV radiation, arsenic compounds, H 2O 2, menadione, diethyl maleate (DEM), paraquat, and brain ischemia (3) overexpressed G3BP1, TIA-1, TZAR, TTP, FMRP, CPEB, SMN, DYRK3, tRNA fragments, and Aβ42 (4) translation modulators, such as puromycin, salubrinal, cycloheximide, emetine, and ISRIB (5) proteasome inhibitors, such as MG 132 and lactacystin (6) ER stressors, such as DTT and thapsigargin (7) mitochondrial poisons, such as FCCP, clotrimazole, and sodium azide and (8) other compounds, such as sorbitol, pateamine A, hippuristanol, silvestrol, 15d-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) prostaglandin A1, selenite, salicylate, and A769662. (2) TIFs targeting mRNAs, such as eIF4E, elF3, PABPC1, p-elF2α and elF5a (3) RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that regulate translation and protect mRNA stability, such as TIA-1, TIAR, HuR/ELAVL1, FMRP and PUM1 (4) mRNA metabolism-related proteins, such as G3BP1, G3BP2, DDX6, PMR1, SMN, STAU1, DHX36, caprin-1, ZBP1, HDAC6 and ADAR1 (5) signaling proteins, such as mTOR, RACK1 and TRAF (6) expression products of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as PKR, RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2, RNase L and OAS and (7) regulatory proteins in SGs formation, such as APOBEC3G, Ago2, BRF1, DDX3, FAST and TTP. SGs comprise the following 7 components: (1) mRNAs that are protected from degradation. The main components of SGs and the factors that induce SGs formation. Infection inflammation innate immunity stress granules therapeutic targets. This article reviews the production and function of SGs, the interaction between SGs and pathogens, and the relationship between SGs and pathogen-induced innate immunity to provide directions for further research into anti-infection and anti-inflammatory disease strategies. In response, the host cell suspends translation, which leads to SGs formation, to resist pathogen invasion. Specifically, a pathogen that invades a host cell leverages the host cell translation machinery to complete the pathogen life cycle. As aggregated products of the translation initiation complex in the cytoplasm, SGs play important roles in cell gene expression and homeostasis. Workshop participants are encouraged to submit an abstract to the conference.Eukaryotic cells are stimulated by external pressure such as that derived from heat shock, oxidative stress, nutrient deficiencies, or infections, which induce the formation of stress granules (SGs) that facilitates cellular adaptation to environmental pressures. The Conference offers the possibility for participants to share their experience and expertise in translation related topics. The workshop will be followed by a one-day conference on Saturday October 29. Participants will learn how to prepare, run and analyze Translog-II and Inputlog 7 experiments using the methods taught during the workshop. The mornings will be devoted to lectures, discussions and demo sessions, while the afternoon sessions will include participant presentations, hands-on sessions and consultation with the lecturers. The workshop components will be taught by leading researchers in the respective fields. Participants are encouraged to discuss their research with each other and the lecturers and to explore possibilities that the TPR-DB offers to support their own research. We welcome, in particular, PHD students, post-doctorate students, and young teachers or researchers interested in translation and translation process research. There will be an opportunity to get hands-on experience with recording keystroke and eye-tracking data as well as with the newest version of the Translation Process Research Database ( TPR-DB). The workshop will also feature additional sessions in writing research. The workshop will focus on theoretical aspects of translation process research, on experimental research design and methodology, on human translation modelling, qualitative and quantitative data analysis and translation process data visualization. The Center for Research and Innovation in Translation and Translation Technology (CRITT) at CBS and the MTI Education Center, SFL at Renmin University China (RUC), Beijing are offering an advanced workshop in Translation Process Research (TPR) from Monday October 24 to Friday October 28, 2016.
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